Basal sIgA level was significantly higher and cortisol concentration was lower in the IBMT group. B., Rejeski, W. J., Sink, K. M., Williamson, J. D. Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Sedentary Community-Dwelling Elderly Adults with Functional Limitations. Hospitalization was also associated with less physical activity time across all bouts of less than 10 minutes (1: -7 min/d for 1-3 cumulative hospital days, -16 min/d for 4 cumulative hospital days; 2: -5 min/d for 1-3 cumulative hospital days, -11 min/d for 4 cumulative hospital days; 5: -3 min/d for 1-3 cumulative hospital days, -4 min/d for 4 cumulative hospital days). Sleep-wake disturbances were evaluated using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) (range 0-28; 8 defined insomnia), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) (range 0-24; 10 defined daytime drowsiness), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (range 0-21; >5 defined poor sleep quality), and Berlin Questionnaire (high risk of sleep apnea).Prevalence rates were 43.5% for slow gait speed and 44.7% for moderate to severe mobility impairment, with 77.0% of accelerometry wear time spent as sedentary time. A., Brubaker, P. H., Mihalko, S. L., Jennings, J. M., Hadley, E. C., Romashkan, S., Patel, K., Bonds, D., McDermott, M. M., Spring, B., Hauser, J., Kerwin, D., Domanchuk, K., Graff, R., Rego, A., Church, T. S., Blair, S. N., Myers, V. H., Monce, R., Britt, N. E., Harris, M., McGucken, A., Rodarte, R., Millet, H. K., Tudor-Locke, C., Butitta, B. P., Donatto, S. G., Cocreham, S. H., Castro, C. M., Haskell, W. L., Stafford, R. S., Pruitt, L. A., Yank, V., Berra, K., Bell, C., Thiessen, R. M., Youngman, K. P., Virgen, S. B., Maldonado, E., Tarin, K. N., Klaftenegger, H., Prosak, C. A., Campero, I., Garcia, D. M., Soto, J., Chio, L., Hoskins, D., Nelson, M. E., Folta, S. C., Phillips, E. M., Liu, C. K., McDavitt, E. C., Reid, K. F., Kirn, D. R., Pasha, E. P., Kim, W. S., Krol, J. M., Beard, V. E., Tsiroyannis, E. X., Hau, C., Marsiske, M., Sandesara, B. D., Black, M. L., Burk, W. L., Hoover, B. M., Knaggs, J. D., Marena, W. C., Korytov, I., Curtis, S. D., Lorow, M. S., Goswami, C. S., Lewis, M. A., Kamen, M., Bitz, J. N., Stanton, B. K., Hicks, T. T., Gay, C. W., Xie, C., Morris, H. L., Singletary, F. F., Causer, J., Yonce, S., Radcliff, K. A., Smith, M., Scott, J. S., Rodriguez, M. M., Fitch, M. S., Dunn, M. C., Schllesinger, J. Q., Newman, A. He serves as Chair of United Jewish Appeal (UIA) South Africa and as Chair of the Keren Hayesod Budget Committee. All participants were included in the analysis.Over a median follow-up of 2.6 years, a serious fall injury was experienced by 75 (9.2%) participants in the physical activity group and 84 (10.3%) in the health education group (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.66 to 1.23; P=0.52). A Phase 3 randomized controlled trial is needed to fill this evidence gap.The Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study is a Phase 3 multicenter randomized controlled trial designed to compare a supervised moderate-intensity physical activity program with a successful aging health education program in 1,600 sedentary older persons followed for an average of 2.7 years.LIFE's primary outcome is major mobility disability, defined as the inability to walk 400 m. Secondary outcomes include cognitive function, serious fall injuries, persistent mobility disability, the combined outcome of major mobility disability or death, disability in activities of daily living, and cost-effectiveness.Results of this study are expected to have important public health implications for the large and growing population of older sedentary men and women. Assuming a diversion rate of 50% based on previous studies, national savings range from $230 million to $1.0 billion annually. Prof. Robert Kaplan will be presenting LIVE in South Africa on 17 September 2015, delivering his world renowned lecture on Strategy Execution. A newly developed self-report measure of mobility, the mobility assessment tool-short form (MAT-sf), uses video animations as an innovative method to improve measurement accuracy/precision. The methods are general and can be used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of social and environmental interventions in addition to traditional medical and surgical treatments. At a time when women were rare in. To date, physical exercise is the only intervention consistently demonstrated to attenuate age-related declines in physical function. View details for DOI 10.14283/jfa.2016.76, View details for Web of Science ID 000449826700002, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4905714. Dr Robert M Kaplan Profile and History . Russell Kaplan Auctioneers. Robert D. Kaplan is a contributing editor at The Atlantic, a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security in Washington and the author, most recently, of Asia's Cauldron: The South . B., Pellegrini, C. A., Chen, S., Allore, H. G., Miller, M. E. Cost-effectiveness of the LIFE Physical Activity Intervention for Older Adults at Increased Risk for Mobility Disability. Wilson, D. K., Kaplan, R. M., Jacobsen, P., Riley, W. Effect of Physical Activity on Frailty Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial, Trombetti, A., Hars, M., Hsu, F., Reid, K. F., Church, T. S., Gill, T. M., King, A. C., Liu, C. K., Manini, T. M., McDermott, M. M., Newman, A. We had a great time on holiday in Kwazulu-Natal as well. Designers and architects created the rule 'form follows function (FFF)' for their own profession. Behavioral interventions can be offered within a wide range of contexts, including public health, medicine, surgery, physical rehabilitation, nutrition, and other health services. Moreover, the concept of what constitutes "moderate" exercise or an appropriate volume of work is dictated by the physical capacities of each individual and the level of comfort/stability in actually executing a specific prescription. The genotype*treatment interaction was statistically significant for both gait speed (P = 0.002) and SPPB (P = 0.020). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were US$42,376/major mobility disability prevented and US$49,167/QALY. Baseline characteristics including younger age, fewer comorbid conditions, non-white ethnicity, and faster 400-meter walk times were also associated with higher health-related quality of life over time.CONCLUSIONS: Declining mobility measured by physical performance is associated with lower quality of life in sedentary older adults. Results of prior research have been mixed, including findings of a 3:1 incidence ratio for males vs. females, but increasing AS rates among females.METHODS: We estimated the incidence of AS in a retrospective cohort study of diverse, working-age US military service members during March 2014 - June 2017 (N = 728,556) who underwent clinical practice guideline-directed screening for chronic back pain. Physical inactivity was defined according to sedentary time, as a percentage of accelerometry wear time with activity of <100 counts/min; participants in the top quartile of sedentary time were classified as having a high sedentary time. The Isaac and Jessie Kaplan Centre for Jewish Studies and Research, . 2021-04-13 . The results suggest that a targeted approach to recommending PA therapy for treatment of depression is viable. Kaplan, R. M., Glassman, J. R., Millstein, A. Sensitivity analyses indicated that results were relatively robust to varied assumptions.The PA intervention costs and QALYs gained are comparable to those found in other studies. Rapid eGFRCysC decline was defined by the high tertile threshold of 6.7%/y.Results: Among the 1199 participants in the analysis, the mean (SD) age was 78.9 (5.2) years, and 800 (66.7%) were women. Work Experience T2 Hospitality 1996- Education Bachelor of Science - Physics Stony Brook University Doctor of Jurisprudence To examine determinants of racial/ethnic differences in diabetes incidence among postmenopausal women participating in the Women's Health Initiative.Data on race/ethnicity, baseline diabetes prevalence, and incident diabetes were obtained from 158,833 women recruited from 1993-1998 and followed through August 2009. Risk communication has to balance objective and subjective risks. View details for DOI 10.1177/0272989X19873667, View details for DOI 10.1007/s11606-019-04998-5, View details for Web of Science ID 000483539200011. He is affiliated with medical facilities Desert Springs Hospital Medical Center and Sunrise Hospital And Medical Center. With more than 550 articles, chapters, and books, Dr. Kaplan is one of the most cited authors in his field. Although a safe and effective vaccine holds the greatest promise for resolving the COVID-19 pandemic, hesitancy to accept vaccines remains common. In addition, we review methods used for economic analysis and calculation of the quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Mr. Kaplan has been a member of The Jewish Agencys Board of Governors since 1995. Rating scales were rated as easiest to use and respondents were more satisfied with rating scales and conjoint in comparison to time tradeoffs. We evaluated associations of light intensity physical activity and sedentary time-assessed both objectively and by self-report-with body mass index (BMI) and grip strength in a large sample of older adults.We used cross-sectional baseline data from 1130 participants of the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) study, a community-dwelling sample of relatively sedentary older adults (70-89 years) at heightened risk of mobility disability. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that replacing sedentary activities with light intensity activities could lead to lower BMI levels and obesity prevalence among the population of older adults. It employs 11-20 people and has $1M-$5M of revenue. A., Brubaker, P. H., Mihalko, S. L., Jennings, J. M., Hadley, E. C., Romashkan, S., Patel, K. V., Bonds, D., McDermott, M. M., Spring, B., Hauser, J., Kerwin, D., Domanchuk, K., Graff, R., Rego, A., Church, T. S., Blair, S. N., Myers, V. H., Monce, R., Britt, N. E., Harris, M., McGucken, A., Rodarte, R., Millet, H. K., Tudor-Locke, C., Butitta, B. P., Donatto, S., Cocreham, S. H., King, A. C., Castro, C. M., Haskell, W. L., Stafford, R. S., Pruitt, L. A., Berra, K., Yank, V., Fielding, R. A., Nelson, M. E., Folta, S. C., Phillips, E. M., Liu, C. K., McDavitt, E. C., Reid, K. F., Kirn, D. R., Pasha, E. P., Kim, W. S., Beard, V. E., Tsiroyannis, E. X., Hau, C., Manini, T. M., Anton, S. D., Nayfield, S., Buford, T. W., Marsiske, M., Sandesara, B. D., Knaggs, J. D., Lorow, M. S., Marena, W. C., Korytov, I., Morris, H. L., Fitch, M., Singletary, F. F., Causer, J., Radcliff, K. A., Newman, A. Intervention costs were estimated by tracking personnel activities and materials used for each intervention and multiplying by national unit cost averages. We here illustrate a quantification of the difference between objective and subjective risks.The objective risks (or chances) can be obtained from traditional 22 tables by calculating the positive (+LR) and negative (-LR) likelihood ratios. This paper describes the methods employed in the delivery of the LIFE Study PA intervention, providing insight into how we promoted adherence and monitored the fidelity of treatment. View details for Web of Science ID 000324170300001, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3775623. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.amerpe.2007.04.031, View details for Web of Science ID 000249452700008, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1995005, President's Award for Career Achievement, International Society for Quality of Life Research (2004), Distinguished Career Service Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine (2005), Elected Member, National Academy of Medicine (2005), Astra ZenecaPrize for Best Original Research Article, Astra Zeneca (2006), Outstanding Research Mentor Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine (2006), List of Most Cited Authors, Institute for Scientific Information (2006-present), C Tracy Orleans Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine (2011), Health Policy Scientist of the Year, American Sociological Association (2012), Presidential Citation for Outstanding Contribution, American Psychological Association (2012), Nathan Perry Award for Distinguished Service, Society for Health Psychology (2017), Elizabeth Fries Award, CDC Foundation (2020), President, American Psychological Association, Division of Health Psychology (1991 - 1992), President, International Society for Quality of Life Research (1995 - 1996), President, Society of Behavioral Medicine (1996 - 1997), Chair, Behavioral Science Council, American Thoracic Society (2001 - 2003), President, Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research (2002 - 2003), Co-Chair, BSE Subcommittee, White House National Committee on Science and Technology Policy (2011 - 2015), Member, National Committee for Vital and Health Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics (2011 - 2015), Member, Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences Advisory Committee, National Science Foundation (2011 - 2015), Department: Med/Primary Care and Population Health. View details for DOI 10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111641. Looking for books by Robert M. Kaplan? AMI hospitalization rates decreased by 22percent in San Diego County versus 8percent in the rest of the state, with an estimated 3,826 AMI hospitalizations avoided and $86million in savings in San Diego. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.10.001, View details for Web of Science ID 000398947400007, View details for Web of Science ID 000398947202129, View details for DOI 10.1200/JCO.2016.69.4570, The history of behavioral and social science research funding at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) between 1980 and 2016 is reviewed. We considered subject inclusion and exclusion criteria; numbers of subjects enrolled and the proportion in the primary analyses; inclusion of a Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) flow diagram; use of random assignment; use of placebo control conditions; lengths of treatment and follow-up; primary outcome variable; trial registration; journal impact factor.STUDY SELECTION: Studies indexed as efficacy AND 'real-world' AND depression or effectiveness AND 'real-world' AND depression in PubMed up to 18 May 2019.FINDINGS: 27 studies met the inclusion criteria: 13 effectiveness studies, 6 efficacy studies and 8 studies indexed as both effectiveness and efficacy. 160 likes. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.03.010, View details for Web of Science ID 000358423400010, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4516564. Robert Kaplan. Additionally, neither baseline nor the change in CAF concentrations strongly predicted the change in either performance measure following the PA intervention.In summary, the present study shows that a one-year structured PA program did not reduce serum CAF levels among mobility-limited older adults. The Kaplan Centre, working with KAS Media Africa and the Johannesburg Holocaust and . Lower mental health functioning also had a significant impact on cost. He failed to recognize the innovativeness of man to overcome challenges. Although lower baseline ABI was not associated with overall changes in cognitive function test scores, it was associated with higher odds for 2-year progression to a composite of either mild cognitive impairment or probable dementia (odds ratio 2.60 per unit lower ABI; 95% confidence interval 1.06-6.37). NIH and American Psychological Association efforts to address this goal are described. According to ZoomInfo records, Robert Kaplan's professional experience began in 1996. View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0116058. Greater time spent in higher but not lower intensities of light activity (assessed objectively) was associated with greater grip strength in men but not women, while neither objectively assessed nor self-reported sedentary time was associated with grip strength.In this cross-sectional study, greater time spent in light intensity activity and lower sedentary times were associated with lower BMI. A., Glynn, N. W., King, A. C., Anton, S. D., Walkup, M., Lu, C., Reid, K., Spring, B., Pahor, M. METHODS FOR QUANTIFYING EFFICACY-EFFECTIVENESS GAP OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS: EXAMPLES IN ARDS. Participants in the physical activity group who were 80 years or older (n=307) and those with poorer baseline physical performance (n=328) had better changes in executive function composite scores compared with the health education group (P=.01 for interaction for both comparisons). A consequence of neglecting to employ standardized cost-effectiveness analysis is that behavioral, psychological, and environmental interventions may be left out of resource allocation discussions. Robert M. Kaplan Curriculum Vitae 9/8/08 2 Honors: A.B. Call Robert Kaplan at (847) 845-9477 If you are ready to discuss your legal problems and would like to learn about how an experienced attorney can help you resolve them, we encourage you to get in touch with us at the Law Offices of Robert M. Kaplan, P.C., in Schaumburg. Lawyer Robert M. Kaplan, graduated from Rutgers University, B.A., 1977 Rutgers University Law School, J.D., 1980, is now employed by Margolis Edelstein at 100 Century Parkway, Suite 200 Mount Laurel, NJ 08054. Espeland, M. A., Katula, J. Data were extracted regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria, publications related to the study and specification of hypotheses.RESULTS: 725 studies involving 156634 patients met inclusion criteria. The Minister's . Saab, P. G., Bang, H., Williams, R. B., Powell, L. H., Schneiderman, N., Thoresen, C., Burg, M., Keefe, F. Physical activity in prefrail older adults: Confidence and satisfaction related to physical function. A/ PROFESSOR ROBERT KAPLAN www.MEDirect.com.au P 1300 001 633 E bookings@MEDirect.com.au . We examined characteristics of the transparent reporting of depression treatment studies registered in ClinicalTrials.gov.DESIGN: Cross sectional.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: US-based studies identified in a search of ClinicalTrials.gov with depression as the condition, enrolling ages 18 and older, and completed between 1 January 2008 and 1 May 2019.INTERVENTIONS: All interventions were included.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcome was whether any results were reported prior to 1 May 2020. Boston. Bann, D., Hire, D., Manini, T., Cooper, R., Botoseneanu, A., McDermott, M. M., Pahor, M., Glynn, N. W., Fielding, R., King, A. C., Church, T., Ambrosius, W. T., Gill, T. Association of objectively measured physical activity with cardiovascular risk in mobility-limited older adults. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of hospitalizations on patterns of sedentary and physical activity time in mobility-limited older adults randomized to structured physical activity or health education.DESIGN: Secondary analysis of investigator-blinded, parallel-group, randomized trial conducted at 8 U.S. centers between February 2010 and December 2013.PARTICIPANTS: Sedentary men and women aged 70 to 89 at baseline who wore a hip-fitted accelerometer 7 consecutive days at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after randomization (N=1,341).MEASUREMENTS: Participants were randomized to a physical activity (PA; n = 669) intervention that included aerobic, resistance, and flexibility training or to a health education (HE; n = 672) intervention that consisted of workshops on older adult health and light upper-extremity stretching. He is also director of the UCLA/RAND health services training program and PI of the UCLA/RAND CDC Prevention Research Center. To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its association with physical capacity, disability, and self-rated health in older adults at high risk of mobility disability, including those with and without diabetes mellitus.Cross-sectional analysis.Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study.Community-dwelling sedentary adults aged 70 to 89 at high risk of mobility disability (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score 9; mean 7.4 1.6) (N = 1,535).Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2009 multiagency harmonized criteria; outcomes were physical capacity (400-m walk time, grip strength, SPPB score), disability (composite 19-item score), and self-rated health (5-point scale ranging from excellent to poor).The prevalence of MetS was 49.8% in the overall sample (83.2% of those with diabetes mellitus, 38.1% of those without). Participants were sedentary adults aged 70 to 89 years who were at risk for mobility disability but able to walk 400 m.A structured, moderate-intensity physical activity program (n=818) that included walking, resistance training, and flexibility exercises or a health education program (n=817) of educational workshops and upper-extremity stretching.Prespecified secondary outcomes of the LIFE study included cognitive function measured by the Digit Symbol Coding (DSC) task subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (score range: 0-133; higher scores indicate better function) and the revised Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT-R; 12-item word list recall task) assessed in 1476 participants (90.3%). Data for this study were analyzed from March 29, 2021, to February 28, 2022.Interventions: Structured, 2-year, partially supervised, moderate-intensity physical activity and exercise (strength, flexibility) intervention compared with a health education control intervention with 2-year follow-up. Computer-administered assessment of cognitive function is being increasingly incorporated in clinical trials; however, its performance in these settings has not been systematically evaluated.The Seniors Health and Activity Research Program pilot trial (N = 73) developed a computer-based tool for assessing memory performance and executive functioning. Rochlin, D. H., Lee, C. M., Scheuter, C. n., Platchek, T. n., Kaplan, R. M., Milstein, A. n. Questioning the Benefit of Statins for Low-risk Populations-Medical Misinformation or Scientific Evidence? A., King, A. C., Frierson, G., Glynn, N. W., Hsu, F., Walkup, M., Pahor, M. Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Office of VP for University Human Resources, Office of Vice President for Business Affairs and Chief Financial Officer, Medicine - Primary Care and Population Health, DOI 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052120-012811. Lastly, the IBMT group had stronger brain connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the striatum at resting state, as well as greater volume of gray matter in the striatum. Nelson, D. A., Kaplan, R. M., Kurina, L. M., Weisman, M. H. Mobilizing the U.S. Military's TRICARE Program for Value-Based Care: A Report From the Defense Health Board. Implementing the intervention in non-research settings may reduce costs further. Behavioral interventions often use measures that are not generally applied in other areas of health outcomes research. Robert M. Kaplan is a forensic psychiatrist, speaker and writer based in Wollongong, Australia. ', 'does it work?' Shlipak, M. G., Sheshadri, A., Hsu, F., Chen, S., Jotwani, V., Tranah, G., Fielding, R. A., Liu, C. K., Ix, J., Coca, S. G., LIFE Investigators, Pahor, M., Guralnik, J. M., Leeuwenburgh, C., Caudle, C., Crump, L., Holmes, L., Leeuwenburgh, J., Lu, C., Miller, M. E., Espeland, M. A., Ambrosius, W. T., Applegate, W., Beavers, D. P., Byington, R. P., Cook, D., Furberg, C. D., Harvin, L. N., Henkin, L., Hepler, J., Hsu, F., Lovato, L., Roberson, W., Rushing, J., Rushing, S., Stowe, C. L., Walkup, M. P., Hire, D., Rejeski, W. J., Katula, J. Epidemiological evidence suggests that physical activity benefits cognition, but results from randomized trials are limited and mixed.To determine whether a 24-month physical activity program results in better cognitive function, lower risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia, or both, compared with a health education program.A randomized clinical trial, the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) study, enrolled 1635 community-living participants at 8 US centers from February 2010 until December 2011. Robert S. Kaplan is Senior Fellow and Marvin Bower Professor of Leadership Development, Emeritus at the Harvard Business School. The PA program consisted of 50-minute center-based exercise 2 weekly, augmented with home-based activity to achieve a goal of 150min/wk of PA. Health education consisted of weekly workshops for 26 weeks, and monthly sessions thereafter. A subsample (n=29; age=77.25.5; 86% female) of participants from the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study was utilized to quantify GMV for regions of interest in the basal ganglia and limbic system normalized to intracranial volume. Outcome estimates were determined at year 2, accounting for implementation and steady-state intervention costs.RESULTS: After accounting for implementation and recurring operating costs of approximately $9.5 billion, estimated net cost savings of between $13 and $41 billion can be accomplished concurrently with improvements in quality and experience of coordinated chronic care ($0.01-$6.8 billion), cognitively protective acute care ($8.7-$26.6 billion), timely caregiver support ($4.3-$7.5 billion), and caregiver efficiency ($4.1-$7.2 billion).CONCLUSION: A high-value care model for AD may improve the experience of patients with AD while significantly lowering costs. BACKGROUND: In the literature on the treatment of depression, efficacy and effectiveness research have different purposes and should apply different research methodologies.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to review characteristics of depression treatment studies identified using efficacy or effectiveness search terms. Better compliance with mandated reporting and improved reporting standards would facilitate a more comprehensive representation of depression treatment research. C-terminal Agrin Fragment (CAF) has been proposed as a potential circulating biomarker for predicting changes in physical function among older adults. Economic Benefit of "Modern" Nonemergency Medical Transportation That Utilizes Digital Transportation Networks. Studies identified as effectiveness, efficacy, or both differed on three outcome measures: the inclusion criteria were lengthier for efficacy than for effectiveness studies; efficacy studies were more likely to have a placebo control condition than effectiveness studies; and the journal impact factor was lower for effectiveness studies than for studies from the efficacy search or studies identified by both searches.CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy and effectiveness research hypothetically use different methodologies, but the efficacy and effectiveness literatures in the treatment of depression were comparable for most of the coded characteristics. To control for confounding of group participation with survival (because individual sessions preceded group), we used risk set sampling to match minimal survival time of those receiving or not receiving group training.Analyses correcting for differential survival among comparison groups showed that group plus individual therapy was associated with a 33% reduction (hazard ratio=0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.92, P=.01) in medical outcome compared to usual care.
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